Innate immune signaling in defense against intestinal microbes Journal Article
| Authors: | Kinnebrew, M. A.; Pamer, E. G. |
| Article Title: | Innate immune signaling in defense against intestinal microbes |
| Abstract: | The gastrointestinal system is a common entry point for pathogenic microbes to access the inner environment of the body. Anti-microbial factors produced by the intestinal mucosa limit the translocation of both commensal and pathogenic microbes across the intestinal epithelial cell barrier. The regulation of these host defense mechanisms largely depends on the activation of innate immune receptors by microbial molecules. Under steady-state conditions, the microbiota provides constitutive signals to the innate immune system, which helps to maintain a healthy inflammatory tone within the intestinal mucosa and, thus, enhances resistance to infection with enteric pathogens. During an acute infection, the intestinal epithelial cell barrier is breached, and the detection of microbial molecules in the intestinal lamina propria rapidly stimulates innate immune signaling pathways that coordinate early defense mechanisms. Herein, we review how microbial molecules shed by both commensal and pathogenic microbes direct host defenses at the intestinal mucosa. We highlight the signaling pathways, effector molecules, and cell populations that are activated by microbial molecule recognition and, thereby, are involved in the maintenance of homeostatic levels of host defense and in the early response to acute enteric infection. Finally, we discuss how manipulation of these host defense pathways by stimulating innate immune receptors is a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent or alleviate intestinal disease. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. |
| Keywords: | signal transduction; mitogen activated protein kinase; protein expression; antibiotic agent; antibiotic therapy; unclassified drug; review; nonhuman; t lymphocyte; dendritic cell; immunoglobulin enhancer binding protein; b lymphocyte; dendritic cells; ubiquitination; tumor necrosis factor alpha; neutrophil; gamma interferon; enteritis; intestine epithelium cell; mesenchymal stem cell; cytokine production; innate immunity; monocyte; bacterial colonization; infection prevention; vancomycin resistant enterococcus; intestine flora; cytokine release; cxcl2 chemokine; intestine cell; intestine; dectin 1; myeloid differentiation factor 88; toll like receptor; interleukin 12; infection sensitivity; listeria monocytogenes; interleukin 22; cxcl1 chemokine; colony stimulating factor 1; matrilysin; toll-like receptors; immunoglobulin a; lymphoid cell; commensal; antimicrobial activity; intestine infection; paneth cell; interleukin 23; nucleotide binding oligomerization domain like receptor; salmonella typhimurium; cd103 antigen; mononuclear phagocyte; microorganism protein; tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6; microbiota; dectin 2; microbiome; chemokine receptor cx3cr1; alpha defensin; lectin receptor; antimicrobial proteins; innate lymphoid cells; c type lectin receptor; ubiquitinated protein; bacterial phenomena and functions; entomopathogenic bacterium; innate lymphoid cell; intestinal immune cell; microbial sensing |
| Journal Title: | Immunological Reviews |
| Volume: | 245 |
| Issue: | 1 |
| ISSN: | 0105-2896 |
| Publisher: | Wiley Blackwell |
| Date Published: | 2012-01-01 |
| Start Page: | 113 |
| End Page: | 131 |
| Language: | English |
| DOI: | 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01081.x |
| PROVIDER: | scopus |
| PUBMED: | 22168416 |
| PMCID: | PMC4624287 |
| DOI/URL: | |
| Notes: | --- - "Cited By (since 1996): 1" - "Export Date: 1 February 2012" - "CODEN: IMRED" - "Source: Scopus" |
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