Anatomy and physiology of the upper esophageal sphincter Book Section
| Authors: | Silva Merea, V.; Pitman, M. J. |
| Editors: | Chhetri, D. K.; Dewan, K. |
| Article/Chapter Title: | Anatomy and physiology of the upper esophageal sphincter |
| Abstract: | The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) is the high-pressure zone that acts as a barrier between the pharynx and the esophagus. The inferior pharyngeal constrictor, cricopharyngeus, and upper cervical esophagus all contribute to closing the UES, while UES opening muscles include the hyoid musculature anteriorly and the superior pharyngeal musculature posteriorly. The UES derives from mesenchyme of branchial arches 4 and 6. Branches of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves control its motor and sensory functions. When closed, the UES prevents aerophagia and protects the airway from aspiration. The UES opens intermittently by relaxation of its closing muscles, and contraction of the superior pharyngeal and hyoid musculature which lifts the larynx anteriorly and superiorly. Pressure gradients superiorly or inferiorly to the UES can also contribute to its opening. UES opening allows for swallowing, belching, and vomiting. The UES participates in digestive tract reflexes by contracting or relaxing in response to certain stimuli. © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. |
| Keywords: | physiology; electromyography; anatomy; manometry; cricopharyngeus; inferior pharyngeal constrictor; reflexes; upper esophageal sphincter; upper esophagus |
| Book Title: | Dysphagia Evaluation and Management in Otolaryngology |
| ISBN: | 978-0-323-56930-9 |
| Publisher: | Elsevier Inc. |
| Publication Place: | St. Louis, MO |
| Date Published: | 2019-01-01 |
| Start Page: | 29 |
| End Page: | 34 |
| Language: | English |
| DOI: | 10.1016/b978-0-323-56930-9.00005-x |
| PROVIDER: | scopus |
| DOI/URL: | |
| Notes: | Book Chapter: 5 -- Export Date: 1 April 2020 -- Source: Scopus |
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