Abstract: |
FoxO Forkhead transcription factors are shown here to act as signal transducers at the confluence of Smad, PI3K, and FoxG1 pathways. Smad proteins activated by TGF-β form a complex with FoxO proteins to turn on the growth inhibitory gene p21Cip1. This process is negatively controlled by the PI3K pathway, a known inhibitor of FoxO localization in the nucleus, and by the telencephalic development factor FoxG1, which we show binds to FoxO-Smad complexes and blocks p21Cip1 expression. We suggest that the activity of this network confers resistance to TGF-β-mediated cytostasis during the development of the telencephalic neuroepithelium and in glioblastoma brain tumor cells. |
Keywords: |
signal transduction; controlled study; human cell; dna-binding proteins; nonhuman; brain neoplasms; protein function; cell proliferation; forkhead transcription factors; animal cell; mouse; animals; mice; mice, knockout; gene; cell division; complex formation; metastasis; gene expression; smad protein; transforming growth factor beta; embryo; protein protein interaction; animal model; protein binding; gene function; cell line, tumor; mice, inbred c57bl; animalia; transcription factors; cell transformation, neoplastic; gene expression regulation, developmental; glioblastoma; 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; smad proteins; stem cells; inhibition kinetics; trans-activators; fetus; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21; cyclins; transcription factor fkhr; cytostasis; growth inhibition; telencephalon; neuroepithelium; p21cip1 gene; humans; human; priority journal; article
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