| Abstract: |
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the distal colon and rectum are also known as hindgut carcinoids based on their common embryologic derivation. Their annual incidence in the United States is rising, primarily as a result of increased incidental detection. Symptoms of rectal NETs include hematochezia, pain, and change in bowel habits. Most rectal NETs are small, submucosal in location, and associated with a very low malignant potential. Tumors larger than 2 cm or those invading the muscularis propria are associated with a significantly higher risk of metastatic spread. Colonic NETs proximal to the rectum are rarer and tend to behave more aggressively. The incidence of rectal NETs in African Americans and Asians is substantially higher than in Caucasians. Colorectal NETs are generally not associated with a hormonal syndrome such as flushing or diarrhea. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended in diagnosing and managing hindgut NETs. Copyright © 2010 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. |
| Keywords: |
cancer survival; cancer surgery; unclassified drug; clinical trial; histopathology; review; squamous cell carcinoma; bevacizumab; doxorubicin; fluorouracil; placebo; sunitinib; chemoembolization; united states; alpha interferon; capecitabine; cancer patient; cancer radiotherapy; temozolomide; cancer staging; nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; lymph node metastasis; antineoplastic agent; cancer incidence; ki 67 antigen; cytoreductive surgery; tumor localization; consensus; computer assisted tomography; bone marrow suppression; tumor volume; myalgia; cancer pain; patient monitoring; diagnostic imaging; distant metastasis; temsirolimus; chill; colorectal carcinoma; drug fever; neuroendocrine tumor; gastrointestinal neoplasms; liver metastasis; colorectal tumor; clinical evaluation; medical society; radiopharmaceutical agent; carcinoid; octreotide; large cell carcinoma; ethnic difference; cryoablation; radiofrequency ablation; rectum carcinoma; cancer scintiscanning; guidelines; colon adenocarcinoma; tumor classification; everolimus; colon; african american; angiopeptin; tumor diagnosis; pentetate indium in 111; endoscopic echography; rectum surgery; caucasian; neuroendocrine tumors; endoscopic polypectomy; neuroendocrine carcinoma; small cell carcinoma; rectum; serotonin; pentetreotide; streptozocin; colorectal; hindgut; 1,4,7,10 tetraazacyclododecane tyrosine 3 lutetium 177; 1,4,7,10 tetraazacyclododecane tyrosine 3 octreotide yttrium 90; 5 hydroxyindoleacetic acid; chromogranin a; anoplasty; asian; defecation habit; gastrointestinal tract scintiscanning; hematochezia; intestine endoscopy; transanal endoscopic surgery
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