| Abstract: |
Clinical research is a broad term that encompasses the application of the scientific method to questions of clinical and medical import. It is that domain of inquiry that differentiates contemporary, evidence-based practices from the anecdotal treatment paradigms of the past. Indeed, though a relatively recent innovation on the scale of human history, the mere ability to systematically investigate associations between exposures and outcomes has influenced human longevity and quality of life to an unparalleled degree. In this introductory chapter, we briefly describe the breadth and hierarchy of study designs and use historical examples to explore a number of their salient strengths and weaknesses. We further introduce the concepts of bias and confounding—two sources of error that threaten the validity of any scientific study and must be carefully considered in both the conduct and interpretation of all clinical research. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. |
