Abstract: |
Attempts have been made for many years to utilize tumor markers as aids in screening for cancer. Cervical and other forms of cytology as well as fecal occult blood and mammography have been widely used in cancer screening, but these constituents do not meet our definition of a tumor marker. The most successful use of markers in screening has been that of alpha fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma and recently catecholamine metabolites in neuroblastoma. In this presentation the possibilities, probabilities and pitfalls in use of markers as screening tools are considered. To achieve this objective, data is presented on the possible use for screening of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in prostate cancer or CA-125 in ovarian cancer. The importance of precision, choice of 'cut-off' and the significance of background noise from other diseases will be considered. |