| Abstract: |
Prostate cancers that progress during androgen-deprivation therapy often overexpress the androgen receptor (AR) and depend on AR signaling for growth. In most cases, increased AR expression occurs without gene amplification and may be due to altered transcriptional regulation. The transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB, which is implicated in tumorigenesis, functions as an important downstream substrate of mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, AKT, and protein kinase C and plays a role in other cancer-associated signaling pathways. NF-κB is an important determinant of prostate cancer clinical biology, and therefore we investigated its role in the regulation of AR expression. We found that NF-κB expression in prostate cancer cells significantly increased AR mRNA and protein levels, AR transactivation activity, serum prostate-specific antigen levels, and cell proliferation. NF-κB inhibitors decrease AR expression levels, prostate-specific antigen secretion, and proliferation of prostate cancer cells in vitro. Furthermore, inhibitors of NF-κB demonstrated anti-tumor activity in androgen deprivation-resistant prostate cancer xenografts. In addition, levels of both NF-κB and AR were strongly correlated in human prostate cancer. Our data suggest that NF-κB can regulate AR expression in prostate cancer and that NF-κB inhibitors may have therapeutic potential. Copyright © American Society for Investigative Pathology. |
| Keywords: |
controlled study; human tissue; protein expression; human cell; promoter region; genetics; cancer growth; nonhuman; antineoplastic agents; antineoplastic agent; cell proliferation; prostate specific antigen; mouse; animal; metabolism; animals; mice; animal tissue; animal experiment; animal model; protein; immunoglobulin enhancer binding protein; transcription factor rela; antineoplastic activity; in vitro study; tumor xenograft; drug screening; pathology; xenograft model antitumor assays; cell line, tumor; cancer resistance; prostate cancer; prostatic neoplasms; gene expression regulation; gene expression regulation, neoplastic; drug antagonism; nude mouse; mice, nude; messenger rna; promoter regions, genetic; nucleotide sequence; cancer cell; prostate tumor; nf-kappa b; tumor cell line; transactivation; androgen receptor; receptors, androgen; sesquiterpenes; parthenolide; ar protein, human; sesquiterpene
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