| Abstract: |
Context: Until the development of novel targeted agents directed against angiogenesis and tumour growth, few treatment options have been available for the treatment of metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (mRCC). Objective: This review discusses current targeted therapies for mRCC and provides consensus statements regarding treatment algorithms. Evidence acquisition: Medical literature was retrieved from PubMed up to April 2011. Additional relevant articles and abstract reviews were included from the bibliographies of the retrieved literature. Evidence synthesis: Targeted treatment for mRCC can be categorized for the following patient groups: previously untreated patients, those refractory to immunotherapy, and those refractory to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-targeted therapy. Sunitinib and bevacizumab combined with interferon alpha are generally considered first-line treatment options in patients with favourable or intermediate prognoses. Temsirolimus is considered a first-line treatment option for poor-risk patients. Either sorafenib or sunitinib may be valid second-line treatments for patients who have failed prior cytokine-based therapies. For patients refractory to treatment with VEGF-targeted therapy, everolimus is now recommended. Pazopanib is a new treatment option in the first- and second-line setting (after cytokine failure). Sequential and combination approaches, and the roles of nephrectomy and tumour metastasectomy will also be discussed. Conclusions: Increasing clinical evidence is clarifying appropriate first- and second-line treatments with targeted agents for patients with mRCC. Based on phase 2 and 3 trials, a sequential approach is most promising, while combination therapy is still investigational. The role of nephrectomy in mRCC is being evaluated in ongoing phase 3 clinical trials. © 2011 European Association of Urology. |
