Abstract: |
Purpose of review: Breast cancer heterogeneity constitutes a significant investigational and therapeutic challenge. Here we review recent findings on breast cancer heterogeneity, focusing on its extent across the distinct molecular subtypes, the degree of spatial and temporal intra-tumor heterogeneity, and possible approaches to dissect and counteract it. Recent findings: Recent massively parallel sequencing studies have solidified the notion that estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and ER-negative breast cancers have divergent genetic landscapes. Numerous studies have addressed the origins of heterogeneity and the challenges it poses for patient management; however, its dynamic evolution in the light of novel targeted therapies is yet to be fully understood. Summary: Tumor heterogeneity poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Implementation of novel methodologies, such as single cell sequencing and analysis of cell-free DNA, might afford us the means to comprehend intra-tumor heterogeneity with greater precision, and to overcome the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges posed by it. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media New York. |