Clomiphene citrate is safe and effective for long-term management of hypogonadism Journal Article
| Authors: | Moskovic, D. J.; Katz, D. J.; Akhavan, A.; Park, K.; Mulhall, J. P. |
| Article Title: | Clomiphene citrate is safe and effective for long-term management of hypogonadism |
| Abstract: | Study Type - Therapy (population cohort) Level of Evidence 2a What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Clomiphene citrate (CC) has previously been documented to be efficacious in the treatment of hypogonadism. However little is known about the long term efficacy and safety of CC. Our study demonstrates that CC is efficacious after 3 years of therapy. Testosterone levels and bone mineral density measurement improved significantly and were sustained over this prolonged period. Subjective improvements were also demonstrated. No adverse events were reported. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and safety of long-term clomiphene citrate (CC) therapy in symptomatic patients with hypogonadism (HG). PATIENTS AND METHODS Serum T, oestradiol and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured in patients who were treated with CC for over 12 months. Additionally, bone densitometry (BD) results were collected for all patients. Demographic, comorbidity, treatment and Androgen Deficiency in Aging Men (ADAM) score data were also recorded. Comparison was made between baseline and post-treatment variables, and multivariable analysis was conducted to define predictors of successful response to CC. The main outcome measures were predictors of response and long-term results with long-term CC therapy in hypogonadal patients. RESULTS The 46 patients (mean age 44 years) had baseline serum testosterone (T) levels of 228 ng/dL. Follow-up T levels were 612 ng/dL at 1 year, 562 ng/dL at 2 years, and 582 ng/dL at 3 years (P < 0.001). Mean femoral neck and lumbar spine BD scores improved significantly. ADAM scores (and responses) fell from a baseline of 7 to a nadir of 3 after 1 year. No adverse events were reported by any patients. CONCLUSIONS Clomiphene citrate is an effective long-term therapy for HG in appropriate patients. The drug raises T levels substantially in addition to improving other manifestations of HG such as osteopenia/osteoporosis and ADAM symptoms. © 2012 BJU INTERNATIONAL. |
| Keywords: | adult; clinical article; middle aged; drug efficacy; drug safety; follow up; bone density; drug response; comorbidity; scoring system; long term care; osteoporosis; testosterone blood level; drug dose titration; hypogonadism; bone densitometry; drug dose increase; estradiol; absence of side effects; testosterone; clomifene citrate; estradiol blood level; bone mineral density; osteopenia; lumbar spine; luteinizing hormone; selective estrogen receptor modulators; luteinizing hormone blood level; clomiphene; femur neck; androgen deficiency in aging men score; estrogen antagonists |
| Journal Title: | BJU International |
| Volume: | 110 |
| Issue: | 10 |
| ISSN: | 1464-4096 |
| Publisher: | Wiley Blackwell |
| Date Published: | 2012-11-01 |
| Start Page: | 1524 |
| End Page: | 1528 |
| Language: | English |
| DOI: | 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.10968.x |
| PROVIDER: | scopus |
| PUBMED: | 22458540 |
| DOI/URL: | |
| Notes: | --- - "Export Date: 3 December 2012" - "CODEN: BJINF" - "Source: Scopus" |
Altmetric
Citation Impact
BMJ Impact Analytics
Related MSK Work