Abstract: |
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 has become recognized as one of the key negative regulators of adaptive immune responses, having a central role in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance and in shaping the repertoire of emergent T cell responses. Concurrent recognition of the potential importance of inhibitory immune regulators in limiting antitumor responses, either as a result of chronic antigenic stimulation or the self-nature of many tumor-selective target antigens, has led to the development of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4-blocking antibodies as therapeutic anticancer agents. Following extensive preclinical modeling, these agents have entered clinical trials, where they are showing encouraging activity in heavily pretreated patients with advanced-stage disease, particularly with melanoma or renal carcinoma. Finding ways to dissociate antitumor activity from adverse immune events should enable actualization of their therapeutic potential in the coming years. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
Keywords: |
clinical trial; review; hepatitis; nonhuman; cancer staging; neoplasms; t lymphocyte; animals; interleukin 2; cancer immunotherapy; melanoma; ovary cancer; gastrointestinal symptom; kidney carcinoma; immunoregulation; rash; antibodies, monoclonal; immune response; immunotherapy; antigens, neoplasm; cell migration; tumor immunity; colitis; antigens, cd; colon carcinoma; cytotoxic t lymphocyte antigen 4; antibodies, neoplasm; antigens, differentiation; uveitis; antigen-antibody reactions; hypophysitis; models, immunological; antigen function
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