Abstract: |
Surgery is the mainstay therapy for rectal cancer. Currently, standard of care includes neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatments for stage II (T3-4, node-negative disease with tumor penetration through the muscle wall) or stage III (node- positive disease without distant metastasis) due to the relatively high risk of locoregional relapse [1]. However, over the past several years, the management algorithm of rectal cancer has become more complex. With the realization that a selected subset of rectal cancers can completely regress after neoadjuvant therapy (NAT), the concept of organ preservation in the context of an apparent clinical complete response has emerged, coupled with the advent of a watch and wait paradigm as well as the concepts of total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) or treatment intensification programs. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019. |