Chip, a widely expressed chromosomal protein required for segmentation and activity of a remote wing margin enhancer in Drosophila Journal Article
| Authors: | Morcillo, P.; Rosen, C.; Baylies, M. K.; Dorsett, D. |
| Article Title: | Chip, a widely expressed chromosomal protein required for segmentation and activity of a remote wing margin enhancer in Drosophila |
| Abstract: | The mechanisms allowing remote enhancers to regulate promoters several kilobase pairs away are unknown but are blocked by the Drosophila suppressor of Hairy-wing protein (Suhw) that binds to gypsy retrovirus insertions between enhancers and promoters. Suhw bound to a gypsy insertion in the cut gene also appears to act interchromosomally to antagonize enhancer-promoter interactions on the homologous chromosome when activity of the Chip gene is reduced. This implicates Chip in enhancer-promoter communication. We cloned Chip and find that it encodes a homolog of the recently discovered mouse Nli/Ldb1/Clim-2 and Xenopus Xldb1 proteins that bind nuclear LIM domain proteins. Chip protein interacts with the LIM domains in the Apterous homeodomain protein, and Chip interacts genetically with apterous, showing that these interactions are important for Apterous function in vivo. Importantly, Chip also appears to have broad functions beyond interactions with LIM domain proteins. Chip is present in all nuclei examined and at numerous sites along the salivary gland polytene chromosomes. Embryos without Chip activity lack segments and show abnormal gap and pair-rule gene expression, although no LIM domain proteins are known to regulate segmentation. We conclude that Chip is a ubiquitous chromosomal factor required for normal expression of diverse genes at many stages of development. We suggest that Chip cooperates with different LIM domain proteins and other factors to structurally support remote enhancer-promoter interactions. |
| Keywords: | controlled study; promoter region; dna-binding proteins; nonhuman; polymerase chain reaction; animals; mice; animal tissue; embryo; animal experiment; drosophila; embryo development; gene library; animalia; nuclear proteins; gene expression regulation; cloning, molecular; gene expression regulation, developmental; amino acid sequence; molecular sequence data; sequence homology, amino acid; sequence alignment; base sequence; salivary gland; dna primers; homeodomain protein; sequence homology; chromosome protein; repressor proteins; drosophila proteins; mutagenesis; retroviridae; mutagenesis, insertional; larva; enhancer region; homeodomain; wing; genes, insect; crosses, genetic; gamma rays; dna transposable elements; homeobox; enhancer elements (genetics); promoter regions (genetics); unidentified retrovirus; male; female; priority journal; article; insect proteins; even-skipped; apterous; gap genes; lim domain-binding protein; suppressor of hairy-wing |
| Journal Title: | Genes and Development |
| Volume: | 11 |
| Issue: | 20 |
| ISSN: | 0890-9369 |
| Publisher: | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press |
| Date Published: | 1997-10-15 |
| Start Page: | 2729 |
| End Page: | 2740 |
| Language: | English |
| PUBMED: | 9334334 |
| PROVIDER: | scopus |
| PMCID: | PMC316608 |
| DOI: | 10.1101/gad.11.20.2729 |
| DOI/URL: | |
| Notes: | Article -- Export Date: 17 March 2017 -- Source: Scopus |
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